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The Amazon Rainforest: What You Need to Know
Everyone knows that the Amazon Rainforest is threatened by climate change. But what exactly is it? How important are they? Well, that’s what I’m here in Brazil to study. I’m in the Atlantic Rainforest with my friends from Columbia University. Supported by the Instituto de Pesquisas Ecological (IPE), it studies forest ecology and field research methods. Our goal is to identify the best and most sustainable ways to deal with the major challenges facing not only Brazil, but the entire world.
While walking in this forest, one cannot help but feel in awe that they are breathing the air that is so full of LIFE. It is very sad and then to think that these beautiful creatures are losing their homes for just a moment of our happiness! They are so wonderful and precious, such a great loss.
Spoiler alert: the consequences of Amazon’s logging will reach EVERYONE, and in our lifetime. But, read on because you can change.
Yes, YOU!
More About the Amazon Rainforest:
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At 1.4 billion acres, the Amazon rainforest is one of the largest rainforests in the world. They cover about half of the world’s natural forests
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It is about 55 million years old
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The Amazon rainforest has four regions. Each has a unique environment that plants and animals have adapted to:
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The tallest is the outgoing layer. Its trees reach 200 meters in length.
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The second part is the roof. Smooth leaves with pointed tips facilitate easy drainage and prevent the growth of mosses and fungi.
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The layer below that can get 5% of sunlight. Plants here are specially adapted to survive.
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The lowest is the forest below. Only 2% of the sunlight reaches here
His creations:
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One fifth of the world’s fresh water is in the Amazon Basin alone. This makes it a natural habitat for many species
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1/10 of the species known on Earth can be found in the Amazon. In addition, there are millions of unaccounted for
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The Amazon Rainforest is the world’s richest and most diverse natural reserve. It is home to many species of insects, plants, birds, and other species:
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40,000 plant species
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5,600 species of fish
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1,300 species of birds
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430+ species of animals
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1,000+ species of amphibians
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400+ species of reptiles
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About 2.5 million species of insects.
In the Amazon there are jaguars, harpy eagles, pink dolphins, manatees, tapirs, red deer, capybara, sloths, several species of monkeys and some species of rodents. However, approximately 137 species of plants, animals and insects are lost every day due to deforestation – or 50,000/year.
Land:
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About 45% is dusky, 30% is clay and 25% is water
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The topsoil is about 2.5 – 5cm deep
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Over 100 million years of sedimentation that made the soil acidic and depleted its nutrients
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Plants can thrive in poor soil because they recycle nutrients from dead plants and animals (instead of getting them from the soil).
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Terra preta is a dark, fertile anthropogenic (man-made) soil found in the Amazon basin. The community created the “dark Amazonian world” or the “dark Indian world” between 450 BCE and 950 BCE. They mixed the barren soil of Amazonia with bones, manure and charcoal. Coal, which gives the soil its color, is very stable and remains in the soil for thousands of years, helping to retain minerals and nutrients. Terra preta areas are often surrounded by normal soil. Deforested soil produces fruit for only 1-2 years. After this, the farmers will move to new areas and clear most of the land. However, terra preta is less prone to leaching of nutrients due to flooding due to the presence of carbon, microbial life and organic matter.
Common plants:
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16,000 tree species and 390 billion trees live in the Amazon rainforest
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Green trees have different types of trees. These include myrtle, laurel, palm, acacia, rosewood, Brazil nut, rubber tree, mahogany and Amazonian cedar.
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Food found in the Amazon rainforest includes fruits, nuts, bananas, cocoa, guavas, mangoes, berries, kola nuts and plantains.
Weather:
The Amazon is in a “Tropical Rain Forest Climate” or “Equatorial Climate”. It’s hot and humid. The average temperature is around 79 degrees Fahrenheit during the day. The temperature difference between night and day is greater than that of the seasons.
The great growth and continuity of this forest is due to the high rainfall, high humidity, and high temperatures found in the region.
Disruptive Methods (what are the risks involved?):
Like many tropical and subtropical forests, the Amazon is difficult to cultivate, graze, and heat because of its unstable soils and climate. Anthropogenic (human-caused) fires disrupt habitats as well as air and water. Considering the amount of natural disturbance, anthropogenic conversion causes a large increase in biomass, and a large imbalance in the atmosphere. Rising temperatures and reduced rainfall have led to severe drought. Prolonged dry spells increase the likelihood of wildfires. These events have a significant impact on other aspects of the environment
Common Uses for Humans:
For a long time in human history, deforestation in the Amazon was mostly caused by subsistence farmers who grew crops for their families and local consumption. But in the 20th century, industrialization and large-scale agriculture greatly increased deforestation. Large-scale mining disrupts ecosystems and requires a lot of wood from the red-eyed trees of the Amazon rainforest.
The Amazon River has deposits of nickel, copper, tin, manganese, iron, gold and other precious minerals. Along with deforestation, other impacts of mining include the dispersion of mercury (used in gold extraction) into the environment. Mercury destroys communities, as well as water, plants and animals.
Oil drilling in the Amazon causes deforestation. In addition, it leads to land degradation and air pollution, civil strife, loss of biodiversity, and displacement of local populations.
Animal Farming:
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1-2 acres of rainforest are cleared per second. This is mainly for companies
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70% of deforestation in the amazon is to make way for cattle ranches
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Meat companies are systematically cutting down large tracts of natural forest to plant soybeans for livestock feed. They use the land until it runs out. This time, they repeat the process elsewhere.
- Animal agriculture is responsible for 91% of all deforestation in the Amazon
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Building hydroelectric dams harms the environment. Research predicts that this could submerge a large part of the Rainforest under water
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Logging companies also remove valuable trees from the remaining forest
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136 million acres have been removed from animal agriculture
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26 million acres of forest have been cleared for palm oil production. However, palm oil receives a lot of attention from the media and consumers. To be honest, it’s easy to be so passionate that it keeps someone from changing their life. No one wants to hear that the real problem is the beef on their plate!
Security issues:
30 million people live in this area. The increase in industrial activity has affected many of these tribes. They suffer from displacement and are susceptible to disease. For example, the number of deaths is increasing among many tribes that have not really joined the industrial world and had no means of protection.
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The loss of the Amazon rainforest accounts for 5-8% of global greenhouse gas emissions
- 1,100 people have been killed in Brazil in the last 20 years. 150 since 2012. Recently, a herdsman shot 73-year-old American nun Dorothy Stang. He had campaigned for 30 years to save the Amazon and its wealthy landowners. The verdict initially found the shooter ‘not guilty’, but recently ordered his arrest and trial. Fewer than 100 of these men have gone to court. About 80 people who were accused were hired by powerful farmers and loggers. The legal system found about 15 of the killers guilty. None of them are serving prison terms
Thanks for having me!
Also, thank you for being an informed, caring and engaged citizen. I hope this has caught your attention. If you want to know more about the connection between environmental issues and food, I recommend watching ‘Cowspiracy’ on Netflix. In addition, you can see this website, which gives an overview of the impact of our food on the environment. I will publish more of my work throughout the summer as I do research.
Also, I don’t know which version would be the most interesting for you all. If you have a minute, please let me know in the comments below if you need academic research papers, factual papers like the ones above, or more personal papers. In the end, I am very concerned about this story. Sign up for more information and share this with your friends.
This is happening at an alarming rate. Therefore, every individual and every effort is needed!
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